References

References

References 


  1. Sallis J, Floyd M, Rodríguez D, Saelens B. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;125(5):729–737. 
  2. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Built environment and health [Internet]. AIHW. Accessed 24 July 2024, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/built-environment-and-health 
  3. Downs S, Ahmed S, Fanzo J, Herforth A. Food environment typology: Advancing an expanded definition, framework, and methodological approach for improved characterization of wild, cultivated, and built food environments toward sustainable diets. Foods. 2020;9(4):Art532. 
  4. Macintyre S. Deprivation amplification revisited; or, is it always true that poorer places have poorer access to resources for healthy diets and physical activity? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4(Art32) 
  5. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) Australia [Internet]. ABS. Accessed 2 July 2024, https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/socio-economic-indexes-areas-seifa-australia/latest-release 
  6. Pickett K, Pearl M. Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2001;55(2):111-122. 
  7. Giles-Corti B, Vernez-Moudon A, Reis R, et al. City planning and population health: A global challenge. Lancet. 2016;388(10062):2912–2924. 
  8. Owen N, Leslie E, Salmon J, Fotheringham M. Environmental determinants of physical activity and sedentary behavior. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2000;28:153-8. 
  9. Owen N, Humpel N, Leslie E, Bauman A, Sallis J. Understanding environmental influences on walking; review and research agenda. Am J Prev Med. 2004;27:67-76. 
  10. Kavanagh A, Goller J, King T, Jolley D, Crawford D, Turrell G. Urban area disadvantage and physical activity: A multilevel study in Melbourne, Australia. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(11):934. 
  11. Wilmore J, Costill D. Physiology of Sports and Exercise, Human Kinetics. Churchill Livingstone; 2004. 
  12. Kraus W, Powell K, Haskell W, et al. Physical activity, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(6):1270-1281. 
  13. Giles-Corti B, Badland H, Hooper P, Timperio A, Sugiyama T, Foster S. Action area 1: Built environments. Blueprint for an Active Australia. 3rd ed. National Heart Foundation of Australia; 2019. 
  14. Durand C, Andalib M, Dunton G, Wolch J, Pentz M. A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk: Implications for smart growth urban planning. Obesity Rev. 2011;12(501):e173–e182. 
  15. Ewing R, Cervero R. Travel and the built environment: A synthesis. Transp Res Rec. 2001;1780(1):87–114. 
  16. Lee C, Moudon A. Physical activity and environment research in the health field: Implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research. J Plan Lit. 2004;19(2):147–181. 
  17. Sugiyama T, Neuhaus M, Cole R, Giles-Corti B, Owen N. Destination and route attributes associated with adults’ walking: A review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(7):1275–1286. 
  18. Talen E, Koschinsky J. The walkable neighborhood: A literature review. Int J Sustain Land Use Urban Plan. 2013;1(1):42–63. 
  19. Adkins A, Makarewicz C, Scanze M, Ingram M, Luhr G. Contextualizing walkability: Do relationships between built environments and walking vary by socioeconomic context? J Am Plan Assoc. 2017;83(3):296-314. 
  20. Crawford D, Timperio A, Giles-Corti B, et al. Do features of public open spaces vary according to neighbourhood socio-economic status? Health Place. 2008;14(4):889-93. 
  21. Ball K, Carver A, Jackson M, Downing K, O’Rourke K. Addressing the social determinants of inequities in physical activity and related health outcomes. Health Promot Int. 2015;Sep 30(2):ii18-9. 
  22. Gordon-Larsen P, Nelson MC, Page P, Popkin BM. Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatr. 2006;117(2):417-24. 
  23. Cleland V, Ball K, Dollman J, Turrell G. Action area 7: Disadvantaged populations. Blueprint for an Active Australia 3rd ed. National Heart Foundation of Australia; 2019. 
  24. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Physical activity. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/physical-activity/physical-activity 
  25. Pawson H, Hulse K, Cheshire L. Addressing concentrations of disadvantage in urban Australia, AHURI Final Report No.247. 2015. https://www.ahuri.edu.au/sites/default/files/migration/documents/AHURI_Final_Report_No247_Addressing-concentrations-of-disadvantage-in-urban-Australia.pdf 
  26. Lowe M, Arundel J, Hooper P, et al. Liveability aspirations and realities: Implementation of urban policies designed to create healthy cities in Australia. Soc Sci Med. 2020;245:112713. 
  27. Wiesel I, Liu F, Buckle C. Locational disadvantage and the spatial distribution of government expenditure on urban infrastructure and services in metropolitan Sydney (1988–2015). Geogr Res. 2018;56:285–297. 
  28. Hilbrecht M, Smale B, Mock S. Highway to health? Commute time and well-being among Canadian adults. World Leis J. 2014;56(2):151–163. 
  29. Morris E, Ettema D, Zhou Y. Which activities do those with long commutes forego, and should we care? Transp Res Interdiscip Perspect. 2020;5:100119. 
  30. Reiner M, Niermann C, Jekauc D, Woll A. Long-term health benefits of physical activity--a systematic review of longitudinal studies. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:813. 
  31. Lee I, Shiroma E, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair S, Katzmarzyk P. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet. 2012;380(9838):219-229. 
  32. Turrell G, Haynes M, Wilson L, Giles-Corti B. Can the built environment reduce health inequalities? A study of neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and walking for transport. Health Place. 2013;19:89-98. 
  33. Chaix B. Geographic life environments and coronary heart disease: a literature review, theoretical contributions, methodological updates, and a research agenda. Annu Rev Public Health. 2009;30:81-105. 
  34. Diez Roux A, Mair C. Neighborhoods and health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186(1):125-145. 
  35. Giles-Corti B, Donovan R. The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Soc Sci Med. 2002;54(12):1793–1812. 
  36. Leal C, Chaix B. The influence of geographic life environments on cardiometabolic risk factors: A systematic review, a methodological assessment and a research agenda. Obesity Rev. 2011;12(3):217-230. 
  37. Turrell G, Haynes M, Burton N, et al. Neighborhood disadvantage and physical activity: Baseline results from the HABITAT multilevel longitudinal study. Ann Epidemiol. 2010;20(3):171-181. 
  38. Saghapour T, Giles-Corti B, Rachele J, Turrell G. A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of neighbourhood disadvantage and cardiovascular disease and the mediating role of physical activity. Prev Med. 2021;147:106506. 
  39. Turrell G, Nathan A, Burton N, et al. Cohort Profile: HABITAT—a longitudinal multilevel study of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and health and functioning in mid-to-late adulthood. Int J Epidemiol. 2021;50(3):730–731h. 
  40. Wilson L, Giles-Corti B, Turell G. The association between objectively measured neighbourhood features and walking for transport in mid-aged adults. Local Environ. 2012;17(2):131-146. 
  41. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. The relationship between health risk factors and the neighbourhood environment. Vol. PHE 306. 2022. 
  42. Australian Bureau of Statistics. National Health Survey [Internet]. ABS. Accessed 2 July 2024, 2024. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/health-conditions-and-risks/national-health-survey/latest-release
  43. Cerin E, Leslie E, Owen N. Explaining socio-economic status differences in walking for transport: An ecological analysis of individual, social and environmental factors. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(6):1013-1020. 
  44. Chaix B, Leal C, Evans D. Neighborhood-level confounding in epidemiologic studies: unavoidable challenges, uncertain solutions. Epidemiol. 2010;21(1):124-127. 
  45. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Overweight and Obesity [Internet]. AIHW. Accessed 2 July 2024, 2024. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/overweight-obesity/overweight-and-obesity/contents/overweight-and-obesity 
  46. Badland H, Turrell G, Giles-Corti B. Neighborhoods: Who does well where? Exploring how self-rated health differs across diverse people and neighborhoods. Health Place. 2013;22:82-89. 
  47. Rachele J, Giles-Corti B, Turrell G. Neighbourhood disadvantage and self-reported type 2 diabetes, heart disease and comorbidity: A cross-sectional multilevel study. Ann Epidemiol. 2016;26(2):146-150. 
  48. Black C, Moon G, Baird J. Dietary inequalities: What is the evidence for the effect of the neighbourhood food environment? Health Place. 2014;27:229-242. 
  49. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Indicators of socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease. 2019. 
  50. Loh H, Rachele J, Brown W, Washington S, Turrell G. Neighborhood disadvantage, individual-level socioeconomic position and physical function: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis. Prev Med. 2016;89:112-120. 
  51. Schüle S, Bolte G. Interactive and independent associations between the socioeconomic and objective built environment on the neighbourhood level and individual health: A systematic review of multilevel studies. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0123456. 
  52. Greenwald M, Boarnet M. Built environment as determinant of walking behavoir: Anaylzing nonwork pedestrian travel in Portland, Oregon. Transp Res Rec. 2001:33-42. 
  53. Ma L. The objective versus the perceived environment: What matters for bicycling? Portland State University; 2014. 
  54. Astell-Burt T, Feng X, Mavoa S, Badland H, Giles-Corti B. Do low-income neighbourhoods have the least green space? A cross-sectional study of Australia’s most populous cities. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:292. 
  55. Jamalishahni T, Turrell G, Foster S, Davern M, Villanueva K. Neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage and loneliness: The contribution of green space quantity and quality. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:598. 
  56. Sharifi F, Nygaard A, Stone W, Levin I. Accessing green space in Melbourne: Measuring inequity and household mobility. Landsc Urban Plan. 2021;207 
  57. Mavoa S, Koohsari M, Badland H, et al. Area-level disparities of public open space: A geographic information systems analysis in metropolitan Melbourne. Urban Policy Res. 2014;33(3):306–323. 
  58. Alderton A, O’Connor M, Badland H, Gunn L, Boulangé C, Villanueva K. Access to and quality of neighbourhood public open space and children’s mental health outcomes: Evidence from population linked data across eight Australian capital cities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11):6780. 
  59. Ghanem A, Edirisinghe R. Socio-economic disparities in greenspace quality: Insights from the city of Melbourne. Smart Sustain Built Environ. 2024;13(2):309-329. 
  60. Leslie E, Cerin E, Kremer P. Perceived neighborhood environment and park use as mediators of the effect of area socio-economic status on walking behaviors. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7(6):802–810. 
  61. Nicoletti L, Sirenko M, Verma T. Disadvantaged communities have lower access to urban infrastructure. Environ Plan B Urban Anal City Sci. 2023;50(3):831-849. 
  62. Giles-Corti B, Saghapour T, Turrell G, et al. Spatial and socioeconomic inequities in liveability in Australia’s 21 largest cities: Does city size matter? Health Place. 2022;78:102899. 
  63. Bentley R, Baker E. Placing a housing lens on neighbourhood disadvantage, socioeconomic position and mortality. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7:e396–e397. 
  64. Baker E, Lester L, Bentley R, Beer A. Poor housing quality: prevalence and health effects. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community. 2016;44:219-232. 
  65. Foster S, Hooper P, Kleeman A, Turrell G. Are all apartments equal? An investigation of contemporary apartment design quality by neighbourhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage. Urban Policy Res. 2024;42(2):124–138. 
  66. Cerin E, Leslie E. How socio-economic status contributes to participation in leisure-time physical activity. Social Science & Medicine. 2008;66(12):2596-2609. 
  67. Moore L, Diez Roux A, Evenson K, McGinn A, Brines S. Availability of recreational resources in minority and low socioeconomic status areas. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(1):16-22. 
  68. Estabrooks P, Lee R, Gyurcsik N. Resources for physical activity participation: Does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status? Ann Behav Med. 2003;25(2):100–104. 
  69. Sydes M, Wickes R. The Land of the ‘Fair Go’? Mapping Income Inequality and Socioeconomic Segregation Across Melbourne Neighbourhoods. In: van Ham M TT, Ubarevičienė R, Janssen H,, ed. Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality. Springer Nature Switzerland AG; 2021. 
  70. Randolph B, Tice A. Relocating disadvantage in five Australian cities: Socio-spatial polarisation under neo-liberalism. Urban Policy Res. 2016;35(2):103–121. 
  71. Gunn L, Saghapour T, Giles-Corti B, Turrell G. Exploring inequities in housing affordability through an analysis of walkability and house prices by neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage. Cities Health. 2022;6(3):616–634. 
  72. Rachele J, Learnihan V, Badland H, Mavoa S, Turrell G, Giles-Corti B. Neighbourhood socioeconomic and transport disadvantage: The potential to reduce social inequities in health through transport. J Transp Health. 2017;7(B):256-263. 
  73. Jacobs J, Backholer K, Strugnell C, Allender S, Nichols M. Socio-economic and regional differences in walkability and greenspace around primary schools: A census of Australian primary school neighbourhoods. J Community Health. 2021;46:98–107. 
  74. Gannett A, Hooper P, Saunders J, Trapp G. Investigating the walkability of primary, secondary and K-12 schools across metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. GeoJournal. 2024;89(Art53) 
  75. Sugiyama T, Howard N, Paquet C, Coffee N, Taylor A, Daniel M. Do relationships between environmental attributes and recreational walking vary according to area-level socioeconomic status? J Urban Health. 2015;92:253–264. 
  76. Zandieh R, Martinez J, Flacke J, Jones P, Van Maarseveen M. Older adults’ outdoor walking: inequalities in neighbourhood safety, pedestrian infrastructure and aesthetics. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016;13(12) 
  77. Hopgood T, Percival T, Stewart J, Ameratunga S. A tale of two cities: Paradoxical intensity of traffic calming around auckland schools. N Z Med J. 2013;126(1374):22-8. 
  78. Lucas K. Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now? Transport Policy. 2012;20:105-113. 
  79. Hosking J, Ameratunga S, Exeter D, Stewart J, Bell A. Ethnic, socioeconomic and geographical inequalities in road traffic injury rates in the Auckland region. Aust N Zeal J Public Health. 2013;37(2):162-167. 
  80. Peden A, Franklin R. Exploring the impact of remoteness and socio-economic status on child and adolescent injury-related mortality in Australia. Children. 2021;8(1):5. 
  81. Cooper N, Green D, Knibbs L. Inequalities in exposure to the air pollutants PM2.5 and NO2 in Australia. Environ Res Lett. 2019;14:115005. 
  82. Chakraborty J, Green D. Australia's first national level quantitative environmental justice assessment of industrial air pollution. Environ Res Lett. 2014;9(Art044010) 
  83. Kamphuis C, Giskes K, Kavanagh A, et al. Area variation in recreational cycling in Melbourne: A compositional or contextual effect? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:890-898. 
  84. Lin B, Meyers J, Barnett G. Understanding the potential loss and inequities of green space distribution with urban densification. Urban For Urban Green. 2015;14(4):952-958. 
  85. Shanahan D, Lin B, Gaston K, Bush R, Fuller R. Socio-economic inequalities in access to nature on public and private lands: A case study from Brisbane, Australia. Landsc Urban Plan. 2014;130:14-23. 
  86. Patton S, Pojani D. Some like it hot? Unequal provision of tree shading in Australian subtropical suburbs. Aust Plan. 2022;58((1-2)):1-10. 
  87. Loh V, Rachele J, Brown W, Ghani F, Turrell G. Neighborhood Ddisadvantage and physical function: The contributions of neighborhood-level perceptions of safety from crime and walking for recreation. J Phys Act Health. 2017;15(8):553–563. 
  88. Randolph B, Tice A. Suburbanizing disadvantage in Australian cities: Sociospatial change In an era of neoliberalism. J Urban Aff. 2014;36:384–399. 
  89. Uphoff E, Pickett K, Cabieses B, Small N, Wright J. A systematic review of the relationships between social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in health: A contribution to understanding the psychosocial pathway of health inequalities. Int J Equity Health. 2013;12(Art54) 
  90. Newton P, Meyer D, Glackin S. Becoming urban: Exploring the transformative capacity for a suburban-to-urban transition in Australia’s low-density cities. Sustainability. 2017;9(10):1718. 
  91. Randolph B, Freestone R. Housing differentiation and renewal in middle-ring suburbs: The experience of Sydney, Australia. Urban Studies. 2012;49(12):2557-2575. 
  92. Whitehand J. Development cycles and urban landscapes. Geogr. 1994;79(1):3–17. 
  93. Liu E, Martin C, Easthope H. Poor-quality housing and low-income households: Review of evidence and options for reform. 2019. Shelter Brief No 63
  94. Feng J, Glass T, Curriero F, Stewart W, Schwartz B. The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Health Place. 2010;16(2):175-190. 
  95. Cummins S, Macintyre S. Food environments and obesity—neighbourhood or nation? Int J Epidemiol. 2006;35(1):100-104. 
  96. O'Dwyer L, Coverney J. Scoping supermarket availability and accessibility by socio-economic status in Adelaide. Health Promot J Austr. 2006;17(3):240-246. 
  97. Burns C, Inglis A. Measuring food access in Melbourne: Access to healthy and fast foods by car, bus and foot in an urban municipality in Melbourne. Health Place. 2007;13(4):877-885. 
  98. Ball K, Timperio A, Crawford D. Neighbourhood socioeconomic inequalities in food access and affordability. Health & Place. 2009;15(2):578-585. 
  99. Winkler E, Turrell G, Patterson C. Does living in a disadvantaged area mean fewer opportunities to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables in the area? Findings from the Brisbane food study. Health Place. 2006;12(3):306-319. 
  100. Murphy M, Koohsari M, Badland H, Giles-Corti B. Supermarket access, transport mode and BMI: the potential for urban design and planning policy across socio-economic areas. Public Health Nutr. 2017;20(18):3304-3315. 
  101. Thornton L, Lamb K, Ball K. Fast food restaurant locations according to socioeconomic disadvantage, urban–regional locality, and schools within Victoria, Australia. SSM - Population Health. 2016;2:1-9. 
  102. Reidpath D, Burns C, Garrard J, Mahoney M, Townsend M. An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity. Health Place. 2002;8(2):141-145. 
  103. Needham C, Sacks G, Orellana L, Robinson E, Allender S, Strugnell C. A systematic review of the Australian food retail environment: Characteristics, variation by geographic area, socioeconomic position and associations with diet and obesity. Obesity Rev. 2019;21(2):e12941. 
  104. Anaf J, Baum F, Fisher M, Harris E, Friel S. Assessing the health impact of transnational corporations: a case study on McDonald’s Australia. Glob Health. 2017;13(Art7) 
  105. Crawford B, Byun R, Mitchell E, Thompson S, Jalaludin B, Torvaldsen S. Socioeconomic differences in the cost, availability and quality of healthy food in Sydney. Aust N Zeal J Public Health. 2017;41(6):567–571. 
  106. Chapman K, Kelly B, Bauman A, Innes-Hughes C, Allman-Farinelli M. Trends in the cost of a healthy food basket and fruit and vegetable availability in New South Wales, Australia, between 2006 and 2009. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013;71(2):117–126. 
  107. Winkler E, Turrell G, Patterson C. Does living in a disadvantaged area entail limited opportunities to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables in terms of price, availability, and variety? Findings from the Brisbane Food Study. Health Place. 2006;12(4):741-748. 
  108. Tsang A, Ndung'u M, Coveney J, O'Dwyer L. Adelaide healthy food basket: A survey on food cost, availability and affordability in five local government areas in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2007;64(4):241–247. 
  109. Millichamp A, Gallegos D. Comparing the availability, price, variety and quality of fruits and vegetables across retail outlets and by area-level socio-economic position. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(1):171-178. 
  110. Wong K, Coveney J, Ward P, et al. Availability, affordability and quality of a healthy food basket in Adelaide, South Australia. Nutrition and Dietetics. 2011;68(1):8–14. 
  111. Coffee N, Kennedy H, Niyonsenga T. Fast-food exposure around schools in urban Adelaide. Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(17):3095-3105. 
  112. Settle P, Cameron A, Thornton L. Socioeconomic differences in outdoor food advertising at public transit stops across Melbourne suburbs. Aust N Zeal J Public Health. 2014;38(5):414-418. 
  113. Mahmoudi Farahani L. The value of the sense of community and neighbouring. Hous Theory Soc. 2016;33(3):357–376. 
  114. Kelly J, Breadon P, Davis C, et al. Social Cities. 2012. 
  115. Kepper M, Myers C, Denstel K, Hunter R, Guan W, Broyles S. The neighborhood social environment and physical activity: A systematic scoping review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16:124. 
  116. Suglia S, Shelton R, Hsiao A, Wang C, Rundle A, Link B. Why the neighborhood social environment is critical in obesity prevention. J Urban Health. 2016;93:206–212. 
  117. Warr D, Feldman P, Tacticos T, Kelaher M. Sources of stress in impoverished neighbourhoods: Insights into links between neighbourhood environments and health. Aust N Zeal J Public Health. 2009;33(1):25-33. 
  118. Cole S. Social and physical neighbourhood effects and crime: Bringing domains together through collective efficacy theory. Soc Sci. 2019;8:147. 
  119. Bolte G, Pauli A, Hornberg C. Environmental justice: Social disparities in environmental exposures and health: Overview. In: Nriagu JO, editor. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health: Elsevier; 2011. p. 459-470. 
  120. Ribeiro A, Fraga S, Kelly-Irving M, et al. Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation and allostatic load: A multi-cohort study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(Art8790) 
  121. Feng J, Glass TA, Curriero FC, Stewart WF, Schwartz BS. The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Health & Place. 2010;16(2):175-190. 
  122. Lachowycz K, Jones A. Towards a better understanding of the relationship between greenspace and health: Development of a theoretical framework. Landsc Urban Plan. 2013;118:62-69. 
  123. Bird S, Kurowski W, Feldman S, et al. The influence of the built environment and other factors on the physical activity of older women from different ethnic communities. J Women Aging. 2009;21(1):33–47. 
  124. Kaczynski A, Potwarka L, Smale B, Havitz M. Association of parkland proximity with neighborhood and park-based physical activity: Variations by gender and age. Leis Sci. 2009;31(2):174-191. 
  125. Maas J, Verheij R, De Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P, Schellevis F, Groenewegen P. Morbidity is related to a green living environment. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2009;63(12):967-973. 
  126. De Vries S, Verheij R, Groenewegen P, Spreeuwenberg P. Natural environments—healthy environments? An exploratory analysis of the relationship between greenspace and health. Environ Plann A. 2003;35(10):1717-1731. 
  127. Maas J, Verheij R, Groenewegen P, de Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P. Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60:587-592. 
  128. Turrell G, Hewitt B, Haynes M, Nathan A, Giles-Corti B. Change in walking for transport a longitudinal study of the influence of neighbourhood disadvantage and individual-level socioeconomic position in mid-aged adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11(Art151) 
  129. McCormack G, Rock M, Toohey A, Hignell D. Characteristics of urban parks associated with park use and physical activity: A review of qualitative research. Health Place. 2010;16(4):712-726. 
  130. Cohen D, Marsh T, Williamson S, et al. Parks and physical activity: Why are some parks used more than others? Prev Med. 2010;50(1):S9-S12. 
  131. Bedimo-Rung A, Mowen A, Cohen D. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health. A conceptual model. Am J Prev Med. 2005;28(2S2):159–168. 
  132. Macintyre S, Macdonald L, Ellaway A. Lack of agreement between measured and self-reported distance from public green parks in Glasgow, Scotland. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2008;5(Art26) 
  133. Ambrey C, Fleming C. Public greenspace and life satisfaction in urban Australia. Urban Studies. 2014;51(6):1290-1321. 
  134. Waggoner J, Carline J, Durning S. Is there a consensus on consensus methodology? Descriptions and recommendations for future consensus research. Acad Med. 2016;91(5):663-668. 
  135. Kahn E, Ramsey L, Brownson R, et al. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002;22(4):73-107. 
  136. Ryan D, Hill K. Public perceptions on the role of wayfinding in the promotion of recreational walking routes in greenspace—Cross-sectional survey. Wellbeing Space Soc. 2022;3:100111. 
  137. Fairfield City Council. Outdoor Fitness Equipment & Circuit Paths: Fitness in Fairfield [Internet]. Fairfield City Council. Accessed 17 July 2024, 2024. https://www.fairfieldcity.nsw.gov.au/Services/Sports-Parks-Recreation/Outdoor-Fitness-Equipment-Circuit-Paths
  138. Muttaqien Z, Wasityastuti W, Sofyana M, Agustiningsih D, Wibowo R. A longitudinal controlled signage intervention to increase stair use at university buildings: Process and impact evaluation using RE-AIM framework. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1079241. 
  139. Grimstvedt M, Kerr J, Oswalt S, Fogt D, Vargas-Tonsing T, Yin Z. Using signage to promote stair use on a university campus in hidden and visible stairwells. J Phys Act Health. 2010;7(2):232-238. 
  140. Fairfield City Council. Gyms in Parks [Internet]. Fairfield City Council. July 18, 2024. Accessed 18 July 2024, 2024. https://www.fairfieldcity.nsw.gov.au/Your-Council/About-Council/Fairfield-City-Mayor-Frank-Carbone-Message/Get-healthy-with-our-Gyms-In-Parks-program
  141. Zhang Y, Koene M, Reijneveld S, et al. The impact of interventions in the built environment on physical activity levels: A systematic umbrella review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2022;19(1):Art156. 
  142. Government of Western Australia Department of Transport. Safe Active Streets Program: Stirling Interim Evaluation Report – 2023. 2023. 
  143. Government of Western Australia Department of Transport. Safe Active Streets Pilot Program [Internet]. Government of Western Australia Department of Transport,. Accessed 17 July 2024, 2024. https://www.transport.wa.gov.au/activetransport/safe-active-streets-pilot-program.asp 
  144. Painter K. The influence of street lighting improvements on crime, fear and pedestrian street use, after dark. Landsc Urban Plan. 1996;35(2-3):193-201. 
  145. Garrard J. Safe speed: promoting safe walking and cycling by reducing traffic speed. 2008. 
  146. The International Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design Association. What is CPTED? [Internet]. Accessed 8 August 2024, 2024. https://www.cpted.net/Primer-in-CPTED 
  147. Meurs H, Haaijer R. Spatial structure and mobility. Transp Res D Trans Environ. 2001;6:429-446. 
  148. Fitzhugh E, Bassett DJ, Evans M. Urban trails and physical activity: A natural experiment. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(3):259-62. 
  149. Dobbinson S, Simmons J, Chamberlain J, et al. Examining health-related effects of refurbishment to parks in a Lower socioeconomic area: The ShadePlus natural experiment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(17):6102. 
  150. Cohen D, Golinelli D, Williamson S, Sehgal A, Marsh T, McKenzie T. Effects of park improvements on park use and physical activity: policy and programming implications. Am J Prev Med. 2009;37:475-480. 
  151. Smith M, Hosking J, Woodward A, et al. Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(Art158) 
  152. Veitch J, Salmon J, Crawford D, et al. The REVAMP natural experiment study: The impact of a play-scape installation on park visitation and park-based physical activity. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2018;15(Art10) 
  153. Grunseit A, Crane M, Klarenaar P, Noyes J, Merom D. Closing the loop: Short term impacts on physical activity of the completion of a loop trail in Sydney, Australia. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2019;16(Art57) 
  154. Cramer N, Haviland M, Zhou C, Mendoza J. Impact of walking school bus programs on self-efficacy and outcome expectations. J Phys Act Health. 2021;18(7):858-862. 
  155. Safe Streets to School Australia. Safe Streets to School Australia [Internet]. 16 July, 2024. Accessed 16 July 2024, 2024. https://safe-streets-to-school.org/ 
  156. Brown B, Smith K, Tharp D, et al. A complete street intervention for walking to transit, nontransit walking, and bicycling: A quasi-experimental demonstration of increased use. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11):1210-1219. 
  157. Mofolasayo A. Complete street concept, and ensuring safety of vulnerable road users. Transp Res Proc. 2020;48:1142-1165. 
  158. Pucher J, Dill J, Handy S. Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review. Prev Med. 2010:S106-S125. 
  159. George Town Council and Niche Planning Studio. George Town Areas Structure Plan. 2021. https://georgetown.tas.gov.au/volumes/documents/1-Website/1-Residents/Development/Planning/GT_StructurePlan_Amended_FINALhg-small.pdf
  160. George Town Council. George Town Health and Wellbeing Strategy 2024-2030. 2024. https://georgetown.tas.gov.au/health-and-wellbeing
  161. World Health Organization. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion: First International Conference on Health Promotion Ottawa, 21 November 1986. 1986. https://www.healthpromotion.org.au/images/ottawa_charter_hp.pdf 
  162. Campbell C. Community mobilisation in the 21st century: Updating our theory of social change? J Health Psychol. 2014;19(1):46-59. 
  163. Ortiz C. Cultivating urban storytellers: A radical co-creation to enact cognitive justice for/in selfbuilt neighbourhoods. Urban Plan. 2022;7(3):405–417. 
  164. Capra C. The smart city and its citizens: Governance and citizen participation in Amsterdam smart city. Int J E-Plan Res. 2016;5(1):20-38. 
  165. Thomas J, McCosker A, Parkinson S, et al. Measuring Australia’s Digital Divide: Australian Digital Inclusion Index: 2023. 2023. 
  166. Meyer S, Mamerow L, Taylor A, Henderson J, Ward P, Coveney J. Demographic indicators of trust in federal, state and local government: Implications for Australian health policy makers. Aust Health Rev. 2013;37:11-18. 
  167. Carr S, Clarke C, Molyneux J, Jones D. Facilitating participation: a health action zone experience. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2006;7(2):147-156. 
  168. Fredericks J, Tomitsch M, Haeusler M. Redefning community engagement in smart cities: Design patterns for a smart engagement ecosystem. Citizen-Responsive Urban E-Planning: Recent Developments and Critical Perspectives. IGI Global; 2020:13–53. 
  169. Rong T, Ristevski E, Carroll M. Exploring community engagement in place-based approaches in areas of poor health and disadvantage: A scoping review. Health Place. 2023;81(Art103026) 
Share by: